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I recently finished reading No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Doris Kearns Goodwin. The book starts when FDR has already been in office for 8 years, tinkering unsuccessfully with the economy in hopes of getting it to grow beyond its size in 1929. American economic worries disappear when Europe and Asia go to war and all of the world’s accumulated wealth begins to pour into the U.S. to buy food, clothing, machines, etc. The book follows FDR as he attacked the following challenges:

• integrating black Americans into factories and the military
• hysteria over the risk that Japanese-Americans would aid Japan
• strikes for higher wages as the labor market grew tight
• an ally, Churchill, who did not want to launch a cross-Channel invasion
• a wife who was uninterested in sex (though she produced six children, five of whom survived)

Black Americans had suffered horribly during the Depression. Their rate of unemployment was lower than that of whites in 1930 (older posting), but government intervention in the labor market worked to blacks’ disadvantage. Companies were prevented by law from cutting wages, which meant that workers on average were paid more than the market wage. Therefore companies wanted to keep only their most educated and most skilled workers, who tended to be white. Employers were forced to recognize unions, which tended to be run by and for white workers. The jobs boom created by World War II meant that blacks were needed in factories, however. This caused a lot of friction as white-run unions would strike rather than work shoulder-to-shoulder with blacks. Roosevelt prided himself on being a friend to Labor, but he was also commander-in-chief of the U.S. military. The parents of soldiers were infuriated any time that a union struck because the resulting lack of ammunition and arms might get one of their boys killed due. FDR used the U.S. Army on multiple occasions to seize factories and force unions back to work. The Philadelphia transit union that is currently on strike walked off the job in August 1944 “to protest the upgrading of eight Negro employees to motormen” and distributed handbills with a message from Franklin to Eleanor: “You kiss the Negroes and I’ll kiss the Jews and we’ll stay in the White House as long as we choose.” FDR moved 5,000 soldiers into Philadelphia and threatened the striking workers with the military draft. Faced with the possibility of fighting overseas, they returned to work.

In addition to striking over the injustice of having to work alongside blacks, unions of white workers took advantage of the tight labor market and war production urgency by striking for higher wages. Roosevelt, betraying his Depression-era policies, responded to public outrage by sending in the army. FDR comes across as a consummate politician attuned to the breezes of public opinion, leaving his wife to be the one with the strong and fixed convictions.

Black soldiers in the military grew increasingly angry over unequal treatment on- and off-base. The best thing that could happen to a black soldier was to be shipped over to England where there was no institutionalized segregation. The next best thing was the death of a general, admiral, or cabinet secretary. By 1944 enough of the old guys had died and been replaced by younger bureaucrats that the military became more or less integrated.

When hysteria grew over the risk of Japanese-Americans aiding the enemy, Roosevelt took the easy way out, caving in to pressure to move these U.S. citizens from the West Coast to concentration camps in the blistering interior deserts. Eleanor argued tirelessly against this policy, but was ignored. Goodwin covers the economic motivation behind many calls for the internment, notably a desire to take over rich Japanese-owned farmland.

The book is not a military history, but Goodwin covers the frictions among Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin over the practicability of a cross-Channel invasion. As far as Churchill was concerned, the time would not be ripe until the Allies could essentially walk unopposed through France and Belgium. Stalin wanted a second front opened immediately. Roosevelt had to navigate between the two and eventually force Churchill into the 1944 invasion, 5/6th of whose troops were American.

Eleanor Roosevelt traveled as far as England and Australia to check up on conditions for troops and workers, serving as FDR’s eyes and ears. She had a personal staff of one, paid for from her personal funds (compare to present day First Lady), rejected Secret Service protection, and asked a lot of tough questions. Despite her generally soft humanitarian inclinations, she had no compunction about dropping the atomic bomb on Japan. She felt “a little sad” about the necessity of using a second bomb.

Speaking of that personal staff of one… Prior to contracting polio, FDR had an affair with his wife’s social secretary, the beautiful young Lucy Mercer, who was to remain a lifelong friend and was with him when he died in1945 in Warm Springs, Georgia. He invited Crown Princess Martha, exiled from her native Norway by the German occupation, to live in the White House with her children, and spent a lot of evenings with the vivacious and charming Martha. The Press did not cover this angle of FDR’s life, nor did they publish photographs of FDR that showed his crippled legs or the President being assisted. The relationship between President and Vice-President was quite different in 1944 and 45. Roosevelt had barely met Harry Truman before the election and barely spoke to him after the election.

Any serious book about this era should be sobering to current Americans. Hoover and FDR demonstrated that brilliant politicians and aggressive government were not able to generate economic growth; Hitler, Hirohito, and Tojo handed us a recovery by making it virtually impossible to do business anywhere other than in the U.S. As we enter our 9th year of the war in Afghanistan, the example of victory in World War II (4 years for us; 6 years for most others) seems increasingly irrelevant. If FDR were president today there would scarcely be an Afghan left alive and, instead of being celebrated as a hero, he would be prosecuted as a war criminal.

On the other hand, the book offers some hope. This week we are digesting the results of an election in which most races were narrowly decided; it seems impossible to get more than 60 percent of Americans to agree on any candidate or issue. Philadelphians who earn an average of about $36,000 per year aren’t able to get to work because their public transit system union, whose members earn an average of $52,000 per year (plus pensions and health insurance that may effectively double that), are striking for higher wages. How can we overcome our difficulties as a nation if we can’t unite as we did during World War II? According to Goodwin, the U.S. was never united during World War II. Despite heated struggles among various groups, we managed to prevail over Germany and Japan, very tough opponents indeed.

More: Read No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

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A money manager friend showed me an interesting research report by Frederick J. Sheehan titled “Dark Vision: The Coming Collapse of the Municipal Bond Market. This is a product of weedenco.com and available only to subscribers, but I will summarize it here.

Sheehan starts off by noting that a lack of panic by the ratings and government agencies does not indicate health for a financial market. He cites the fact that the Fed did not anticipate how bad the subprime collapse was likely to be and obviously the Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s ratings were ridiculous.

Sheehan notes that “spending is rising and revenue is collapsing” for all levels of government. Pension fund losses will require governments to double their contributions to pension plans (see my blog posting on public employee pensions). Spending is rising, e.g., in New York City from an average of $65,401 in compensation per public employee in 2000 to $106,743 in 2009. The number of full-time employees in NYC grew as well, despite falling school enrollment. The number of state and local government workers grew from 4 million in 1955 to 20 million in 2008 (5x growth, against less than 2X growth in U.S. population). Those workers receive an average of 43 percent more pay and benefits than a private sector worker.

Municipalities dealt with the separation between taxes and expenses by borrowing. In the mid-1990s, states and cities were retiring as much debt as they were incurring. During the 2000s, though, they borrowed about $150 billion per year in aggregate, peaking at $215 billion in 2007 by which time $2.7 trillion in debt was outstanding, more than two years’ worth of tax receipts.

Barring some sort of miraculous boom in the economy and pension fund investment returns, state and local governments are headed for insolvency and default. This means that valuing a municipal bond becomes a matter for a legal expert rather than an accountant. Even for the legal expert, it is apparently tough to predict what will happen. Let’s start with the Wikipedia article on Chapter 9 bankruptcy: “Previous to the creation of Chapter 9 bankruptcy the only remedy when a municipality was unable to pay its creditors was for the creditors to pursue an action of mandamus, and compel the municipality to raise taxes. During the Great Depression this approach proved impossible so in 1934 the Bankruptcy Act was amended to extend to municipalities.”

Without bankruptcy protection, a city that couldn’t pay bondholders would be forced to raise taxes until it could. This happened to West Palm Beach, Florida in the Depression and property tax rates rose to 42.5 percent of assessed value. Potentially bondholders might demand that the city hand over real estate to satisfy its debts. With bankruptcy protection, it is unclear what happens. Vallejo, California went bankrupt 18 months ago and their obligations have not yet been resolved (story). If courts allow municipalities to walk away from debt they’ll have every incentive to declare bankruptcy and start afresh. There are no shareholders in a municipality to wipe out and therefore the only negative consequence of a bankruptcy filing would possibly be having to pay higher interest rates for future borrowing. If on the other hand, governments are not allowed to walk away from many of their obligations, they will simply run out of cash. Are bondholders senior to pension obligations or not? It may be up to the individual judge. This is “uncharted territory for investors” as my money manager put it (he does not buy U.S. muni bonds).

Municipal bonds are still perceived as almost risk-free by most investors and consequently offer a low yield, according to Sheehan. He points out that if the municipalities don’t default, the investor gets only a slightly better return than in Treasuries. Why take the risk if you’re not getting paid for it?

This ends my summary of Sheehan’s report. My own opinion is that the main lesson of subprime is that an investor cannot rely on the ratings agencies or the government to protect his or her interests. The never-employed guy in Cleveland with the house in a crummy neighborhood and no down payment? The risk that he would never make a payment should have been apparent to any investor who dug underneath the asset-backed security. Similarly, an investor in muni bonds can look at the municipality. Does the state have a shrinking population, high public employee salaries, and a big pension obligation overhang from when the population was larger? They probably will eventually default. And if an insurance company was dumb enough to insure the bonds, they’ll probably be bankrupt too.

http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/show/268.html gives a table of per-capita debt in each state and also the ratio of that debt to GDP. Massachusetts comes in at #1, with more than $10,000 of debt for each citizen and 20 percent of GDP. Each Texan owes about $1,000, by contrast, or 2 percent of GDP. The difference in yield between a Massachusetts bond and a Texas bond is probably not large enough to compensate for the increased risk of Massachusetts defaulting. This LA Times article contrasts California’s spending versus Texas’s.

[Separately, this table should be looked at whenever you’re reading about an economist who says that the U.S. should borrow and spend more on “stimulus”. They’ll tell you that we can afford to borrow another 20 percent of GDP, citing the current federal debt-to-GDP ratio. What they don’t tell you is that your state and local government may already have borrowed an additional 20 percent of GDP!]

The most serious weakness in the article is that Sheehan does not identify the mostly likely candidates to default. Surely Greenwich, Connecticut, whose residents were recently showered with billions of dollars in federally-funded bonus payments, is not going to have trouble repaying obligations incurred when investment bank salaries were much lower. But what about the Rust Belt? There must be cities whose factories have closed, residents have moved on, yet whose bond obligations remain. If so, let’s have the names! If not, how bad can the “crisis” really be?

More: A discussion of Sheehan’s report is available at the Daily Kos.

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… which is why Congress proposes to leave 18 million people still uninsured in the year 2019 (source). I’m getting more and more confused by our politicians. A lot of them have offered beautiful speeches about how it is both a tragedy and a violation of basic human rights for a person to live in the U.S. without health insurance. At present, millions of Americans are not customers of health insurance companies. After the proposed $1 trillion health care reform has had six years to work, we’ll be left with… millions of Americans who have no insurance. If this is indeed a moral issue, how can it be moral to leave millions in the same supposedly inhuman situation that they’re in right now?

I have not put my own name forward for a Nobel Peace Prize, but my own health care proposal would cover every human being living in the U.S., as well as visitors, all at a dramatically lower cost than what we’re currently spending (and certainly we wouldn’t need an extra $1 trillion thrown in). How is it that those who would leave 18 million without health insurance are able to claim the moral high ground?

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The New York Times ran an article today on the $787 billion federal stimulus program, which has created or saved 640,239 jobs. If the spending continues at roughly the current rate, it looks as though each job “created” has cost future federal taxpayers $1 million. In a country with 15 million unemployed, will saving 640,000 jobs cut the hard times short? Maybe. Let’s look deeper.

According to the article, most of the jobs “created” have in fact been those of unionized public employees, such as school teachers. Due to union contracts, states cannot cut workers’ pay, so when they run short of funds they must lay off workers. The same union agreements usually stipulate that the youngest workers be cut first and those workers are the cheapest so massive numbers of them have to go before significant cost savings are realized. By spending federal money, Michigan was able to retain 22,514 teachers that it could not have afforded on its local tax base.

Suppose that you’re a business trying to decide where to invest in a new facility. You’ll pick a place with the lowest costs and most stable environment. How does Michigan look? Counting the underemployed and discouraged, perhaps 25 percent of the citizens are jobless. Yet the teachers are the 4th highest paid in the nation (source). The situation is clearly not sustainable. Greenwich, Connecticut can have highly paid teachers indefinitely, but Flint, Michigan cannot. Our potential investor knows that eventually this federal money will be exhausted and Michigan will have to fall back on whatever taxes it can collect locally. Will there be new property taxes on factories? A local corporate profits tax? Additional payroll taxes? Crushing property taxes on residential real estate? Crushing income taxes on workers? Once these taxes are imposed, will citizens flee the area, leaving the remaining residents with even larger per capita obligations? Who knows? And why take that kind of risk when it is possible to build the facility in a state whose expenses are in line with the locals’ wealth?

The stimulus money is apparently not being used to invest in infrastructure that can be used by the future generations who will be paying for it. It is being used to delay restructuring by states whose payroll and pension expenses cannot be sustained via local taxation. The overhang creates fear among private investors. Fear causes them to hold back, thus prolonging the recession, as noted in The Forgotten Man, a history of the Great Depression.

Does that make sense?

[And if you don’t believe this argument, there is no shortage of investment opportunity in the Great State of Michigan!]

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Folks: Every time Microsoft comes out with a new operating system I get excited to see what kind of features it has for managing a photo library. I don’t like the idea of using third-party photo library management and database tools because photo collections should last for at least one human working lifetime (90 years, assuming a photographer starts at age 10?) and software other than operating systems tends not to last very long.

Windows Vista was originally supposed to include a relational database management system behind the file system, which would have enabled the storage of captions and powerful querying for specific photos. I was disappointed when the product shipped. The file system was plain old NTFS (admittedly much more reliable than the standard Unix file system, but no different than on Windows XP). There was no support for camera RAW. Looking at a folder of JPEG-format photos in Explorer, the operating system would show thumbnails and other information; if the consumer selected RAW, on the other hand, he or she got a completely different and inferior experience on the computer. No thumbnails or other information about the photos were visible from the operating system. One had to install and use an application program such as Google Picasa in order to view camera RAWs.

I visited a friend last night who was brave enough to install Windows 7 on one of his old PCs. He is quite happy with the product, rating it much better than Vista. However, when I asked him to show me a folder including a mix of Nikon RAW files and JPEGs, the .NEF files were displayed without a thumbnail preview. Was his installation complete? Is there any hope for camera RAW in Windows 7?

[If the answer is “you need to install some other application program”, why then would I want to pay for Windows 7? Presumably the Google Chrome OS (free) will run my favorite browser (Chrome) and a good tool for managing RAW files, Picasa (free). Who is the target market for Windows 7? Just big companies that want to run Office, Exchange, and Microsoft-specific networking and collaboration tools?]

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All of the Ivy League schools have proven remarkable for their inability to innovate, sitting idly with more than $100 billion in capital while startups such as University of Phoenix revolutionized American higher ed. Yale University in particular supplied some excellent material for “Universities and Economic Growth”, with a professor from one of their most popular courses spending a full 22.5 minutes of a lecture giving tuition-paying students the street address of a bookstore that had gone out of business some years earlier, reeling off the names of important people he knows, and discussing the content of courses other than the one being taught. But the $50,000 per year well has not run dry. This New York Times story reveals that Yale administrators were unable to answer correctly when asked whether or not a particular person had received a Ph.D. from the university. Perhaps it was the commonness of her name, “Shin Jeong-ah” …

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Old people have never been as quick or energetic as young people, but societies have often valued them for their accumulated skills, knowledge, and wisdom. The ancient Egyptians considered a person to be truly old at age 80, though Ramesses the Great lived to perhaps 90 or 91 and Pepi II may have lived to 98. In a continuous culture that spanned 3000 years it would be quite reasonable to ask someone born 80 years earlier about best practices in art, agriculture, architecture, construction, or military technology.

What has the increasing pace of technological development done to old people in our age?

Let’s start by considering factual knowledge. An old person will know more than a young person, but can any person, young or old, know as much as Google and Wikipedia? Why would a young person ask an elder the answer to a fact question that can be solved authoritatively in 10 seconds with a Web search?

How about skills? Want help orienting a rooftop television aerial? Changing the vacuum tubes in your TV? Dialing up AOL? Using MS-DOS? Changing the ribbon on an IBM Selectric (height of 1961 technology)? Tuning up a car that lacks electronic engine controls? Doing your taxes without considering the Alternative Minimum Tax and the tens of thousands of pages of rules that have been added since our senior citizen was starting his career? Didn’t think so.

The same technological progress that enables our society to keep an ever-larger percentage of old folks’ bodies going has simultaneously reduced the value of the minds within those bodies. It is sad to contemplate. Perhaps the answer is for every old person to become an expert personal computer and network administrator. Those skills always seem to be in demand by the general public.

Another answer would be to develop obvious wisdom. Unfortunately, the young people who are most in need of an elder’s wisdom are the least likely to realize it. Only a small percentage of old people throughout history have managed to maintain high status and value purely through wisdom. Examples that come to mind include the Buddha (died at 80) and Confucius (died at 72). Their would-be modern counterparts are most likely forwarding cautionary emails to younger relatives about the dangers of opening particularly virulent email messages.

I recently wished a friend a happy birthday. He is in his 50s with a young wife and two-year-old children. All his life he has been valued for and earned his living with musical creativity. Here’s his reply:

I have been declared inept by my household! It only gets worse. You are not judged by your intelligence but by how well you do menial tasks. I have been spiritually castrated. I am a walking corpse. The only freedom is when I write.

Good ideas for maintaining relevance and value in old age would be welcome in the comments section.

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Journalists and investors breathed a big sigh of relief today, as GDP numbers showed a growing economy (example). As noted in an earlier posting, an economic statistic that includes government spending is not necessarily indicative of sustainable growth. The data available from bea.gov (click on “NIPA tables”) show that in constant 2005 dollars, government spending has reliably expanded from $2.1T per year in 2000 to a rate of $2.6T in Q3 2009. How about private investment? It was $2T in 2000. Last quarter, it was $1.5T, down from a peak of about $2.25T in 2006. Despite an expanding U.S. population and workforce, private investment is much lower than it was a decade ago.

One problem with the private investment statistic is that it includes things that are essentially unproductive, such as the real estate bubble. A new house, once finished, does not generate jobs for workers in the same way as a factory expansion. Fortunately, the BEA breaks out “equipment and software”. This excludes commercial real estate and concentrates on machines used by business. Such investment was $0.9T in 2000, peaked at $1.1T in 2007 and has fallen back to a rate of $0.88T per year in recent months.

What happens with a fixed level of private investment and a growing population and workforce? If the effectiveness of the investment is held constant, you’d expect either (1) workers to become less productive and receive lower hourly wages, or (2) existing workers to remain equally productive and receive the same wages, but new/young workers to be unemployed (or some combination of the two).

Could we paint a rosier scenario with the same numbers? Sure. We can say that investment has become more cost-effective. In the expensive old days a small company would need to buy a copy of Microsoft Office for every employee and purchase Exchange to run email. Now they can use Google Docs and Gmail. In the expensive old days a company would need to buy new tools when it changed a product design; now the tools are numerically controlled and can be reprogrammed cheaply (this is a problematic argument because CNC dates back to the 1950s). We’ll be able to grow because we are investing smarter, not harder. A potentially stronger argument is that we’ve moved beyond manufacturing. We’ll let the Chinese and Germans build solar energy systems while we concentrate on services. A service business requires much less capital investment than a manufacturing business.

A year ago I wrote my economic recovery plan, saying that the key to recovery for the U.S. would be creating an environment favorable to business investment. The global crisis is over and companies are investing, but they are mostly investing in other countries (example from NYT: “India Finds Itself Awash in Foreign Investment”). Whatever it is that we’ve done is getting a thumbs-down vote from business executives who decide where to create private jobs.

It sort of makes sense when you think about all of the weight that an investment in the U.S. has to carry. In the last year alone, we’ve added some substantial new obligations. A company will have to pay not only for its own workers but, through taxes, also for the pensions and health care of retired 48-year-old GM and Chrysler workers. A U.S. employer will have to pay the world’s highest prices for health care for its workers, just as in mid-2008, but also will have pay for health insurance for Americans who don’t work or who work for other companies. An investor in the U.S. will find his returns reduced by whatever additional and ongoing amounts the government decides to hand out to Wall Street banks (the handouts started just over a year ago). An investor in the U.S. will have to pay for a factory, as in 2008, but also gold-plated pork barrel “stimulus” spending.

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I had dinner with some flying buddies this evening. I mentioned that some readers of this weblog had taken offense at my referring to Barack Obama as “King Obama”, though for eight years I had called our president “King Bush II” without anyone becoming upset. Was it fair to call Obama a king?

My argument was that recent American presidents are like kings in that their experience of life bears no relationship to that of a commoner. A current president of the U.S.

• never waits in line
• never waits in traffic (or drives a car! or gets a car inspected or renews a car registration or renews a driver’s license)
• never waits for a doctor (he has one or more available inside the White House at all times)
• never interacts with a health insurance administrator
• never waits to catch someone’s attention
• need not carry a wallet
• is always served his favorite foods
• does not go through the $50 billion TSA security system at airports
• has an entire 400-seat Boeing 747 for his personal plane
• upon reaching his destination, finds that three helicopters and multiple land vehicles have been flown in ahead of time for his use (when Obama visited England, instead of borrowing Blackhawks from the British military, the U.S. taxpayer paid to have additional cargo planes full of helicopters flown across the Atlantic)
• never has to cook any food, clean any surface, or organize anything in the house
• has a spouse who doesn’t have to do any domestic chores (thanks to the First Lady’s staff of more than 20 assistants)
• never encounters an unemployed neighbor (because he lives in recession-proof Washington, D.C. and in any case does not walk around the neighborhood too much)
• sees only people who are dressed in their best clothing (e.g., at $6000 per person fundraisers)
• when traveling, sees towns that have been scrubbed and polished to the point that they should be considered Potemkin villages
• need not do sysadmin on any home PCs
• need not sort out phone bills or any other bills for that matter
• need never change a lightbulb, call or wait for a Bosch dishwasher repairman
• need never do any yardwork
• does not send his children to public schools (where 90 percent of American children are warehoused)
• need not worry whether his children will be accepted into an elite private school
• never leaves the house without being surrounded by armed guards
• need not worry about future employment or retirement, if only because of the speaking fees available to former presidents

Was it always like this? I’m just finishing No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II. Eleanor Roosevelt, who traveled extensive around the country and abroad, “refused Secret Service protection, believing that their presence made her look more like a queen flanked by an imperial guard” (book). Because the number of servants and staff required by the Roosevelts was so much less than the number employed by the Obamas (Eleanor may have had just one social secretary), the White House had a lot of empty rooms that they let friends, family, and associates use. Some guests camped out for months or years, a familiar experience to average Americans who live in a big house during tough times.

From 1956 through 1960, President Eisenhower took shorter trips in an Aero Commander, an efficient six-seat airplane with two piston engines (source). The 60,000 gallons of fuel that the current Air Force One burns on a trip to England and back would power the Aero Commander for approximately 2000 hours.

It isn’t any actions carried out by King Bush II or King Obama that make it fair to refer to them as kings, it is the fact that they share so few day-to-day experiences with their average subject.

Was this argument convincing? “I had a breakfast meeting in Bermuda recently,” replied a business guy, “and the Prime Minister of the U.K. happened to be vacationing there at the same time. He was sitting at the next table. No security detail. No special service. No special menu. I don’t think it makes sense to call Obama ‘King’. I think ‘Messiah’ is a more accurate term.”

[Note that nowhere in this posting or in earlier postings have I suggested that we dispense with the American monarchy. I have not advocated that we would be better off being governed by one of our peers. I simply believe that the lifestyle of the president has changed so much since Eisenhower that we need a new title for the position.]

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… by reading this New York Times article about some non-profit employees in New York City. Because non-profit Form 990 filings with the IRS are public, the salaries of the five highest paid workers become available at Web sites such as guidestar.org. The union guys who roll pianos around on the stages of Lincoln Center will earn an average of $290,000 this year. Their counterparts at Carnegie Hall earn between $330,000 and $420,000 per year according to the article (the actual Form 990 for 2006 shows, on Statement 18, that the five highest paid stagehands at Carnegie earned these amounts plus an additional $75,000 to $107,000 in contributions to benefit programs; i.e., the total compensation for one guy was $535,000 per year).

Comparison: Average medical doctor in Manhattan earns $192,000 per year (source).

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