Mask efficacy Scientists move to Cato and prove that immigration makes us rich

Cato Institute has released a couple of studies recently showing that low-skill immigrants are valuable. (The papers lump together all immigrants, but the majority of immigration in recent decades was low-skill.)

“Immigrant and Native Consumption of Means-Tested Welfare and Entitlement Benefits in 2023” classifies Social Security as “welfare”. The Social Security Administration calculates a real rate of return on taxes paid into the system at 2-4 percent/year for a medium-wage worker and, thus, someone who invested in the S&P 500 and received a 6 percent/year real return would be a “welfare queen”.

“Immigrants’ Recent Effects on Government Budgets: 1994–2023” says that low skill immigrants are the reason that we can afford our magnificent government. Much of the study hinges on birthright citizenship. If a migrant has 10 U.S.-born children and each child costs the Treasury $3 million (public school education, public housing, Medicaid, etc.) the costs of those 10 kids are put into the “native” category. One fun part:

Indirect property tax revenue: The one semidynamic element that we incorporate into the NASEM model is the effect of immigration on housing values. By increasing the demand for housing, immigration increases the value of property, which increases property tax revenues.

In other words, one benefit of open borders is that the tens of millions of people who walk across will drive up the value of residential real estate and, thus, property tax revenue. I.e., contrary to other propaganda in which Econ 101 supply-demand curves don’t apply, the Cato nerds say that a migrant-expanded population drives up housing costs for native-born Americans.

(I don’t think that Cato is correct, incidentally, that more valuable real estate leads to more property tax revenue. The typical city has a budget and then sets a property tax rate sufficient to fund that budget given the total assessed value within the city. If Ayatollah Mamdani drove every successful person from NYC down to Florida and property values in Palm Beach County doubled, the county wouldn’t keep the rates the same and immediately double its spending.)

Cato used to believe in markets. This is plainly no longer true. They didn’t ask the obvious questions, e.g.,

  • If low-skill immigrants are a gold mine, why won’t some other country pay us to send them the migrants whom we are deporting?
  • Why don’t other countries compete with us for migrants, then? If we offer a green card via diversity lottery to a person in Mali, for example, why don’t Australia, Taiwan, Mexico, or Canada jump in and try to persuade that person to go elsewhere? Why don’t Japan and France have offices in northern Mexico offering to fly U.S.-destined migrants to their nations?

What kind of Scientists at Cato could do a study proving Scientifically that every low-skill migrant is worth $1 million despite the fact that no country anywhere in the world has offered to pay even $1 for one of our deported migrants?

The answer arrived via direct message. A rich Democrat who lives in the Boston area recently criticized me for referring to his state as “Maskachusetts” and noted that Science had proven (“data shows”) 500 million to 1 billion lives saved from people wearing their saliva-soaked face rags. How does this relate to Cato’s contrary-to-the-market conclusions regarding immigration?

Nobody right now will pay for Scientific proof that forcing 2-year-olds to wear cloth masks prevents an aerosol respiratory virus from spreading. The Scientists who did that research can now apply their nonbinary selves to proving that low-skill migrants from the world’s least successful and most violent societies are a huge plus for any country wise enough to welcome them.

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Natives suffer when migrants are deported (NPR)

State-sponsored NPR on the suffering of native-born Americans when their low-cost migrant laborers depart… “Reporter’s Notebook: He was my fruit vendor for years. I saw immigration agents take him”:

I love sliced fruit, and for seven years, my go-to vendor has been a man named Jesús. I could always find him under two large rainbow umbrellas next to a gas station in my Los Angeles neighborhood, Echo Park.

And that’s when I heard a scuffle. Two large, dark SUVs had rolled up, and I saw masked agents in Border Patrol vests chasing Jesús out from under his rainbow umbrella and across the gas station. He ran between the pumps. That’s where they grabbed and handcuffed him, while he was still wearing his black apron.

Despite sophisticated communications and IT infrastructure, the progressive insurgency couldn’t save this migrant from the Gestapo 2.0:

Within minutes, several activists showed up. They were with a group that tracks Immigration and Customs Enforcement operations in Echo Park, and they told me a witness had reported it to a rapid-response phone number. As word spread, customers and friends of Jesús started showing up too.

Jorge Mejía, a longtime customer, told me he rushed over when he heard. He told me things I already knew — that Jesús cared about his customers and about quality, and that’s why people loved him.

“I feel helpless,” Mejía said, his eyes filling with tears, his voice breaking. “It angers me that this is happening to people just working and trying to get ahead.”

Undocumented migrants are such a high percentage of the Los Angeles population that small businesses can’t survive without them:

Ariel Padilla met Jesús on the day Padilla moved into the neighborhood a decade ago. It was a hot day and the cold fruit hit just right. Last summer, Padilla organized a fundraiser for Jesús when sales were slow because many of his immigrant customers were too afraid to go outside.

“He was a landmark of this part of the neighborhood,” Padilla told me after he rushed over when he heard the news. “Now I’m trying to think about: How can I help him?”

The neighborhood will never be the same now that people have to slice their own fruit (or pay a higher price to have fruit sliced for them by authorized immigrants; plainly paying for a native-born fruit slicer is not an option):

The next morning I learned, from Padilla, that Jesús had already been removed to Tijuana, Mexico. He had agreed to be deported because he feared languishing for months in LA’s notorious immigration detention center.

Since his arrest, I’ve driven by his corner and struggled to make sense of the fact that someone who brought so much simple joy to my neighborhood for almost 20 years had been whisked away before my eyes. That every time I pass I’ll picture that scene. And that that corner will never be the same.

The reporter won’t do the 2.5-hour drive to Tijuana to meet Jesús and find out if it is possible for a Mexican to live in Mexico (population 133 million)?

In other immigration news, folks on Martha’s Vineyard are reminding everyone that “All are welcome here”:

One initiative on the Island is a newly formed group called Martha’s Vineyard Fourth Amendment (MV 4A). It has created signage for local businesses to put on windows, is conducting constitutional rights training, and has amassed more than 60 volunteers in the past couple of months.

The signs are a neon green color, with bold black lettering, and can be seen in storefront windows at Cronig’s Market, Bunch of Grapes Bookstore, and Tisbury Printer, among others. The signs are available through their website. “All are welcome here,” the posters read. “We know our Fourth Amendment rights.” The Fourth Amendment is a part of the U.S. Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.

“Putting up signage is a way for our community to come together. It’s a way to send a message to each other that we care about each other. It says what kind of a community we want to be,” Ladd said. “It also says that we know our Fourth Amendment rights, which in some ways can be a deterrent for somebody who wants to violate your Fourth Amendment rights.”

The MV Times article doesn’t mention that the 50 migrants flown to Martha’s Vineyard in September 2022 (the off season when tons of housing was available) by the Deplorable Ron DeSantis were immediately moved “voluntarily” by 125 military soldiers (National Guard was called up) to a fenced military base.

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What do the Minneapolis police do during the daily street brawls?

I chatted yesterday with an older Bay Area Democrat with orthodox political views. For example, he transitioned from supporting Obama to Hillary to Biden to Kamala without noticing that there was any difference in their political views or plans. He tries to be moderate and calm so, rather than describe his plans to #resist, his position regarding the civil unrest in Minneapolis is that ICE agents should have “better training” and that this would reduce the number of riots and also prevent a repeat of the Alex Pretti shooting. I pointed out that ICE’s job was to apprehend undocumented enrichers and send them home. There was no reason to expect that they’d be trained in crowd control, have the necessary horses and equipment, etc. Crowd control required a lot more officers and was usually the job of a city police force.

Based on the videos that are circulating, Minneapolis is home to daily street brawls. Progressives fight against ICE agents, sometimes just making a lot of noise but also sometimes there is shooting when armed combatants on opposing sides get too close to each other. While these confrontations in the filthy snow proceed on camera the local police aren’t in the frame. Are the Minneapolis police relaxing in warm donut shops miles away? Aren’t the police supposed to “keep the peace” even if it means getting out in the miserable weather and even if they’re told by their mayor and governor not to assist the federal government (other than by using day cares to prevent the feds from accumulating too much taxpayer cash)?

I guess we can presume that the street brawls aren’t happening in elite neighborhoods because the elites would then demand that the peace be kept. But the police in most cities will go out to stop a brawl even in a non-elite neighborhood.

(A neighbor here in Jupiter pocket-dialed 911 around 9 pm a couple of years ago and, despite telling the operator that she didn’t need any help, four police cars arrived to investigate/assist. I was walking Mindy the Crippler with a neighbor who has two golden retrievers and came upon the scene. I asked an officer who was standing by his car if there had been a golden retriever attack. If the cops had shown up to find a brawl between ICE and some other group, I have to believe that they’d have intervened and at least said “Why don’t you all go to Minneapolis where they don’t mind fighting in the streets?”)

Loosely related, Inspector Clouseau concentrates on the monkey license question while a bank robbery is in progress:

Finally, let’s not forget that the Minneapolis Police do sometimes take aggressive action, as when Mohamed Noor killed Justine Damond.

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9mm of Peace, a song of Minneapolis

CBS:

Here’s my own bid for a Grammy (audio version):

“9mm of Peace”

Verse 1
He walks through Minneapolis before dawn’s release,
Breath calm as a prayer in the half-frozen streets.
Boots trace a path through the filthy snow,
Where the city feels tired but still tries to grow.

Pre-Chorus
They sell fear loud on every screen,
But he’s learned what quiet courage means.

Chorus
He carries 9mm of peace, Sig Sauer held low,
Not for the fire, just the things he can’t know.
No thirst for the fight, no hunger for war,
Just 52 rounds of love, nothing more.
Yeah, 9mm of peace, let the sharp edges cease,
And 52 rounds of love for a fragile release.

Verse 2
He passes the empty day cares, paint fresh on the wall,
Rooms built for laughter that never came at all.
No scuffed little sneakers, no drawings in crayon,
Just silence that hums where the funding was drawn.

Pre-Chorus
Paperwork perfect, the numbers all square,
But nobody ever was really there.

Chorus
He carries 9mm of peace, steady and sure,
Sig steel on his side, but his intent stays pure.
No anthem of violence, no glory to chase,
Just 52 rounds of love in a hard time and place.
Yeah, 9mm of peace, hope under his sleeve,
And 52 rounds of love he prays he won’t need.

Bridge
He’s seen the signs and the shouting at ICE,
He’s heard every argument, wrong and right.
Knows anger’s easy, knows blame is cheap,
But peace costs more than promises we keep.

Final Chorus
Yeah, 9mm of peace, through the cold and the grief,
Sig Sauer stays silent while fear finds relief.
From the filthy snow to accounts that decease,
From the empty day cares built on taxpayer peace.
Yeah, 9mm of peace, let the long night decrease,
May we all carry forward 9mm of peace.

(Credit to my co-lyricist N. Vidia.)

Loosely related, an audio-video work that could be in an art museum but probably won’t be selected by a curator:

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Replacement of Black workers by migrants in Cambridge, Massachusetts

From 2010: unemployed = 21st century draft horse?

From 2014: Revisiting the 21st Century Draft Horse posting

The above posts start with a quote from economist Gregory Clark’s fantastic book about the Industrial Revolution:

“there was a type of employee at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution whose job and livelihood largely vanished in the early twentieth century. This was the horse. The population of working horses actually peaked in England long after the Industrial Revolution, in 1901, when 3.25 million were at work. Though they had been replaced by rail for long-distance haulage and by steam engines for driving machinery, they still plowed fields, hauled wagons and carriages short distances, pulled boats on the canals, toiled in the pits, and carried armies into battle. But the arrival of the internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century rapidly displaced these workers, so that by 1924 there were fewer than two million. There was always a wage at which all these horses could have remained employed. But that wage was so low that it did not pay for their feed.” (page 286)

I thought of this on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 2026 in Cambridge, Maskachusetts. My goal was to get photos of elite whites enjoying their fully paid day off from government, university, nonprofit, and Big Tech jobs and juxtapose those with Blacks forced to work. (See Juneteenth: a day off for white members of the laptop class and government workers)

It turned out to be almost impossible to find Black people at work on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day or on any other day in Cambridge. In any business that was independently owned or a franchise, all of the workers were either native-born American whites or migrants from Latin American and Islamic countries. All of my Uber drivers were immigrants. As far as I could tell from a full week of wandering around, the only enterprises that hired Black Americans in customer-facing roles were the largest companies, e.g., Whole Foods and Target. This was in stark contrast to my experience in the same as an MIT undergraduate (Class of 1982). The only immigrants I can remember meeting then were part of a Greek family that ran a restaurant in Central Square, Zorba’s, and returned to Greece on retirement. Native-born Black people often held service jobs of various types, e.g., cashiers in stores.

Here are a few Black workers that I encountered in Central Square:

My Uber drivers were Mohammad, Ayoub, Furkan, Rohit, etc.; never a native-born person of any race. The Silicon Valley righteous behind Uber have decided that “Mohammad” is a nonbinary name (pronoun “they”):

All of this is consistent with “Effects of Immigration on African-American Employment and Incarceration” (2007 paper by some Harvard economists), but I hadn’t fully absorbed the transformative impact of the post-1965 immigration boom on Black Americans prior to last week. The Central Square McDonald’s still had quite a few Black customers, but everyone employed there was Latinx. Most of the Dunkin’ Donuts seemed to have all-Latinx employees. The exception was one with all-Islamic staff:

I’m not sure how to square the above anecdotes and photos with nationwide statistics. The labor force participation rate for Black Americans has fallen since 2000, but not any faster than for whites:

I guess we could infer that Black Americans in Cambridge are working in high-paid office jobs that aren’t customer-facing. But the customer-facing jobs in Harvard Square paid enough to attract reasonably well-educated whites. Maybe Black Americans moved out of Cambridge as they have have moved out of New York City? NYT:

Citywide, white residents now make up about 31 percent of the population, according to census data, Hispanic residents 28 percent and Asian residents nearly 16 percent. While the white population has stayed about the same, the Asian population grew by 34 percent and Hispanic population grew by 7 percent, according to the data.

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The genius of Johnny Cash and the death of a progressive in Minneapolis

Johnny Cash, in 1958, predicted the sad 2026 death of Alex Pretti, who was carrying a Sig Sauer 9mm pistol plus roughly 51ish rounds of ammunition. “Don’t Take Your Guns to Town”:

A young cowboy named Billy Joe grew restless on the farm
A boy filled with wanderlust who really meant no harm
He changed his clothes and shined his boots
And combed his dark hair down
And his mother cried as he walked out

“Don’t take your guns to town, son
Leave your guns at home, Bill
Don’t take your guns to town”

He laughed and kissed his mom and said, “Your Billy Joe’s a man
I can shoot as quick and straight as anybody can
But I wouldn’t shoot without a cause, I’d gun nobody down”
But she cried again as he rode away

“Don’t take your guns to town, son
Leave your guns at home, Bill
Don’t take your guns to town”

He sang a song as on he rode, his guns hung at his hips
He rode into a cattle town, a smile upon his lips
He stopped and walked into a bar and laid his money down
But his mother’s words echoed again

“Don’t take your guns to town, son
Leave your guns at home, Bill
Don’t take your guns to town”

He drank his first strong liquor then to calm his shaking hand
And tried to tell himself at last he had become a man
A dusty cowpoke at his side began to laugh him down
And he heard again his mother’s words

“Don’t take your guns to town, son
Leave your guns at home, Bill
Don’t take your guns to town”

Filled with rage, then Billy Joe reached for his gun to draw
But the stranger drew his gun and fired before he even saw
As Billy Joe fell to the floor, the crowd all gathered ’round
And wondered at his final words

“Don’t take your guns to town, son
Leave your guns at home, Bill
Don’t take your guns to town”

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Why haven’t a lot more people been shot in Minneapolis?

Look at this scene of total chaos in Minneapolis from a few days ago:

People are even more upset this weekend because Alex Pretti was shot and killed by federal agents, just as his parents predicted. What confuses me is why there weren’t daily shootings. Pretti, for example, was armed with a gun and perhaps 51 rounds of ammo (3 magazines times 17 bullets; was he planning to shoot 51 people, to have really bad aim, or to be involved in a multi-hour gun battle?). If people on both sides of this unrest are heavily armed and passionate (the “protesters” say that they’re resisting fascism/Hitler 2.0/Gestapo 2.0) shouldn’t we expect multiple deaths from a scene like the one in the above video (at which nobody was killed, as far as I know).

Separately, here’s my idea for de-escalation: Trump renames ICE to “National Immigration and Customs Enforcement”. They’d be known as “NICE” for short. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) would become “Security & Welcome for Entry, Exit & Trade” or “SWEET”. Media headlines would then read “NICE and SWEET visit Minneapolis”. Who could get angry about that?

Related:

  • “The Subway Vigilante Who Never Left Is Back” (New York Times 2026) might explain Mr. Pretti’s epic supply of ammo. The article describes the shooting of four retired investors living on their respective pensions: “The white man who shot four Black teenagers on a downtown subway in December of 1984 … He was convicted of criminal possession of a gun and served eight months in prison … His only regret, he says, was running out of ammunition.” (Compare to NYT January 1985: “Mr. Cabey was arrested in the Bronx on Oct. 13 on charges that he held up three men with a shotgun and stole an undetermined amount of cash and jewelry. … Mr. Canty, 19, of 1372 Washington Avenue, has been arrested four times since he was 16 years old. … Mr. Allen, who is 19 and also lives in a building at 1372 Washington Avenue, is facing a jail sentence for violating probation. … He was first arrested in 1982 at the age of 16 in the Bronx for attempted assault after being accused of shooting another youth in the hand with a BB gun.”)
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Are used car prices falling now that immigrants are leaving the U.S.?

Used car prices went up to insane levels during the Biden-Harris open borders period. The Washington Post reports Brookings calculations that immigrants are now departing:

Are used car prices coming down? “Manheim Used Vehicle Value Index: December 2025 Trends”:

The Manheim Used Vehicle Value Index (MUVVI) rose to 205.5, reflecting a 0.4% increase for wholesale used-vehicle prices (adjusted for mix, mileage, and seasonality) compared to December 2024. The December index is up 0.1% month over month. The long-term average monthly move for December is flat, showing no change from month to month.

Prices actually went up in the past year? Not if you adjust for inflation. Up 0.4% is the new down once you subtract roughly 3% inflation. So the correlation with migration seems to exist, but isn’t 1.

Rents are falling, according to this industry source that takes the landlords’ perspective of higher rents = “improvement”…. “US apartment rents drop in steepest November decline in more than 15 years”:

Related:

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Why does ICE have any migrants to detain?

The U.S. is packed with sanctuary states, sanctuary cities, and noble citizens who say that they will do anything necessary to maximize the number of migrants living in the U.S. Why, then, are we seeing videos of ICE going into various low-income neighborhoods and rounding up the undocumented? There are very likely more Americans who’ve voted for open borders than there are undocumented migrants (tough to estimate the latter number, though, according to Yale). Wouldn’t we expect every undocumented migrant or family of migrants to have found a secure home in the basement or spare bedrooms of a migrant-welcoming native-born American? If that were true and if the migrants kept quiet until the U.S. was once again run by open borders enthusiasts, how could ICE ever get the necessary warrant to go into a progressive’s suburban house and detain the migrants within? The probable cause would be “shops at Costco more than once per month”?

The above-described situation would be a win-win for the hosts and the migrants. The migrants would get to stay in the U.S. forever and wouldn’t have to work. At the cost of a slightly higher grocery bill, which could be offset by avoiding Whole Foods, the hosts would be able to don the mantle of heroism previously earned by Miep and Jan Gies, two of the Dutch gentiles who hid Anne Frank and her family (Miep was rewarded by God with a 100-year life; Jan wasn’t as virtuous, apparently, and died at 87).

Related, the botanical garden in Tortola reminds us that “uncontrolled transport of plants” results in “replacement” of natives because the immigrants consume resources and reproduce rapidly.

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Small-town life in the Islamic Republic of Germany

From a reader who emigrated to Germany for work:

In my little [German] town of 32,000 people the change can be seen on the streets. In 2012 when I arrived, I did not see a single foreigner besides other EU citizens and a handful of Turks who came during 1960s. Now in the last 3 years I see Africans, Arabs, and Afghani refugees everywhere I go. I don’t see any working in jobs but lots are loitering in the town center. At work there has been a huge influx of Indians to work the IT jobs at the [multinational] company – at least they are productive tax payers. It will be interesting to see how easily they assimilate into German society. I increasingly see advertisement targeted to Indians on investing and buying real estate in Germany. Interestingly I don’t see many Chinese moving to Germany like I see in the USA. On MS teams the majority of scientists based in the USA branch of my company are mainland Chinese (e.g., recent call to data sciences team had 95% Chinese colleagues, first generation).

Home prices have shot up as well as rentals. Since 2019 both have increased by 30%, and when a rental is listed, long lines form during the open house, something you’d only see in the past in big cities like Berlin and Munich. The refugees have taken up all the low-income social housing. Even small government buildings in my residential neighborhood such as the forest registry office have been converted into housing to meet the demand.

Lines at the immigration office are also longer. Interestingly when the war broke out between Ukraine and Russia, there was a special line made just for Ukrainian refugees, to fast-track them. I didn’t remember seeing a fast track line made for the Syrians. It would be nice to see a fast-track line for employed immigrants just trying to renew their residence permit. Maybe something I should bring up the next time I go.

How about celebrating Jesus’s birthday with one’s Muslim neighbors?

Christmas market had the security blocks put in place. Two years ago that never happened.

Here’s a photo from 27 years ago of Munich’s English garden that shows a decidedly un-Islamic outfit for a female in public:

(Source: Siemens was using our open-source online community toolkit and I went over there with another software developer. They took us to a medieval-themed restaurant where forks were not provided. Any man who didn’t drink beer, e.g., me, was forced by the waitresses to wear a maid’s cap. The Siemens executives and managers thought it would be fun to see weak Americans get drunk, but my colleague was himself a heavy drinker and fairly beefy so he drank them under the table. I had a bit of mead.)

Here are a couple of crowd photos from that late 1990s trip. I don’t see anyone in a burqa or even hijab.

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